Understanding Kidney Stones

Kidney stones, medically known as nephrolithiasis, are a common and often painful condition.They are hard, crystalline mineral deposits that form inside your kidneys and can vary in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. While they can be intimidating, understanding what they are, what causes them, and how to manage them can make a significant difference. Key Causes and Risk Factors Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances—such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid—than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent these crystals from sticking together. The most significant risk factor is dehydration.¹ Not drinking enough water is a leading cause, as it concentrates the urine and makes it easier for crystals to form. Other common risk factors include:

• Dietary factors: A diet high in sodium, animal protein, and oxalate-rich foods (like spinach, nuts, and chocolate) can increase your risk.
• Medical conditions: Conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic urinary tract infections can predispose you to stones.
• Genetics: A family history of kidney stones can increase your likelihood of developing them.
• Certain medications: Some diuretics and calcium-based antacids can contribute to stone formation.

Common Symptoms The symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on their size and location. A small stone may pass unnoticed, but a larger one can cause excruciating pain. The most classic symptom is severe, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs. This pain often radiates to the lower abdomen and groin. The intensity of the pain can fluctuate as the stone moves through the urinary tract. Other common symptoms include:

• Painful or burning sensation during urination.
• Pink, red, or brown urine (due to blood).
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Persistent urge to urinate.

Useful Tests If your doctor suspects that you may have a urinary stone, the following tests can help to confirm the diagnosis as well as help in prevention of future stone episodes.

• Blood tests: This can be useful to check the kidney function especially if there is a blockage of the urinary tubes. They can also assess the severity of any concurrent infection, or look for abnormalities in the blood that can increase the risk of stone formation
• Urine tests: These are commonly performed to look for infections, which should be treated.
• Imaging: Depending on the situation, X-rays, ultrasounds, or CT scans may be used to diagnose the presence of urinary stones. In terms of sensitivity, a CT scan would be the most sensitive in diagnosing even the smallest of stones. After stone treatment, ultrasound or X-rays may be sufficient to monitor for recurrence.
• Specialised urine tests: After a stone has been removed or passed, a special panel of urine tests called 24-hour urine metabolic workup can be useful to look for abnormalities in the urine that can increase the risk of future stone recurrence. Based on the results, your doctor can recommend dietary or medical interventions to reduce the risk of stone recurrence.

Treatment Options Treatment depends on the size, type, and location of the stone².

• Small asymptomatic stones: Many small stones can pass on their own. Increasing your water intake and taking medication to aid in stone passage can help for treatment of these ureteric stones.
• Other stones: For most stones above 4mm in size, they are likely to cause symptoms or not pass naturally. If the stone is causing severe or recurrent pain, blockage of the kidney, or there are stones blocking both kidneys, then early treatment is recommended to prevent complications such as kidney failure.
• Several surgical procedures are available. They can usually be performed as day surgery or involving one overnight stay in the hospital:
  • Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This non-invasive procedure uses high-energy sound waves to break the stones into tiny pieces that can then be passed in the urine.
  • Ureteroscopy: A surgeon inserts a thin, flexible scope through the urethra and bladder to the ureter or kidney. The stone(s) can be captured in a basket or broken up with a laser. After the procedure, a ureteric stent may be inserted to facilitate healing of the ureter.
  • Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): This is a surgical procedure for larger stones or stones located in a part of the kidney that is difficult to reach by other means. A small incision is made in the back to directly access the kidney and remove the stone.

Prevention Tips Unfortunately, the recurrence of urinary stones can be as high as 30-50% in 5 years after a first stone episode³. Preventing kidney stones is often a matter of lifestyle changes. If there are abnormalities in the 24-hour urine tests as mentioned above, specific measures may also be recommended.

• Hydration is key: The most crucial step is to drink plenty of fluids, especially water. Aim for enough water to keep your urine light and clear.
• Watch your diet: Limit sodium intake and reduce animal protein. If you have a history of calcium oxalate stones, your doctor might advise you to reduce foods high in oxalates, but this should be done under medical guidance.
• Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity is a significant risk factor, so maintaining a healthy body weight is important.

When to Seek Help While some kidney stone episodes resolve on their own, it’s crucial to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

• Severe pain that does not respond to medications or requires constant use of painkillers
• Fever and chills, especially with pain.
• Nausea and vomiting that prevents you from keeping fluids down.
• Difficulty or inability to urinate.

These symptoms could indicate an infection or a complete blockage of the urinary tract, which requires immediate medical intervention. Don’t hesitate to contact your doctor or go to the emergency room if you are concerned. Contributed by: Dr Yeow Yuyi Urologist Advanced Urology Associates WhatsApp: +65 8938 1885 https://urology.com.sg/ References:

1. Mayo Clinic – Kidney stones. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755 Accessed 11 August 2025
2. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urolithiasis (2025) https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/introduction Accessed 11 August 2025
3. Daudon M, Jungers P, Bazin D, Williams JC Jr. Recurrence rates of urinary calculi according to stone composition and morphology. Urolithiasis. 2018 Oct;46(5):459-470. doi: 10.1007/s00240-018-1043-0. Epub 2018 Feb 1.

Check your lipoprotein(a) level to prevent heart disease and stroke

If you think you won’t have a heart attack just because your cholesterol level is normal or low, think again. Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a) for short, is a type of cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood that is similar to LDL (“bad”) cholesterol but is even more likely to cause heart attacks and strokes (1). Elevated Lp(a) levels can increase this risk even in individuals with normal or low LDL cholesterol levels. This is because in addition to getting more easily into the blood vessel wall to cause blockages, it also promotes inflammation and blood clotting. 

High levels of Lp(a) are genetically determined and occurs more commonly than we think, affecting around one in five people. At present Lp(a) testing is not routinely performed, but there are increasing calls to include it during routine cholesterol screening. More so in individuals with artery blockages at a young age, or have a family history of early heart disease or stroke, or high cholesterol that doesn’t respond to treatment.

What can we do if we have elevated Lp(a) levels? There is no specific drug treatment yet, but there are several promising candidates currently being researched. Meanwhile even though healthy changes to diet and exercise don’t significantly lower Lp(a) levels, these measures can still lower the overall cardiovascular risk. One should stop smoking, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, eat a heart healthy diet like DASH diet or Mediterranean diet, strictly control one’s blood pressure, blood sugar and LDL cholesterol levels. In addition, manage stress and ensure adequate good quality rest and sleep.  Don’t hesitate to use medications to help control the above risk factors better if they cannot be adequately achieved through lifestyle modifications. Depending on the level, one may need to use lipid lowering medications and blood thinners. In rare cases apheresis may be done, which acts like dialysis to take Lp(a) out of the blood.

Many people are unaware of their Lp(a) levels, as it doesn’t typically cause noticeable symptoms. Knowing your Lp(a) level can help you and your doctor make more informed decisions on how to better manage your risk of heart attack and stroke. Check with your doctor if you should screen for elevated Lp(a) today.

Contributed by
Dr Peter Ting
Senior Consultant Cardiologist

References

1. Reyes-Soffer G, Ginsberg HN, Berglund L, et al. Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42(1):e48-e60.

Essential Health Topics Every Man Should Know

With Father’s Day around the corner, it’s a good time to check in on your health or encourage the dads in your life to do the same. Looking after your health doesn’t have to mean a full lifestyle change, it starts with small, consistent habits. As we age, certain health risks become more common. Here are three health concerns that affect men in Singapore and what you can do to manage them.

High Blood Pressure & Heart Disease

High blood pressure often has no warning signs, but it can put a strain on the heart and vessels, increasing the risk of heart attacks or stroke. In Singapore, around 37% of adults live with high blood pressure (1).

What you can do:

Get your blood pressure checked at least once a year. Reduce salt and alcohol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight and stop smoking. These small shifts add up to a healthier heart (2).

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes often develops without early symptoms, but over time it can damage your organs and increase your risk for heart disease. About 10% of Singaporean men live with diabetes (1).

What you can do:

If you’re constantly tired, thirsty, or visiting the toilet more often, it’s worth checking your blood sugar. Even if you feel fine, get screened from age 40 under HPB’s Screen for Life programme (3). Stay active and eat well, it’s all about balance.

Colorectal (Bowel) Cancer

Cancer of the colon or rectum, often developing from polyps over several years. Early cancer may cause no symptoms. Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer for men in Singapore (4).

What you can do:

Add more fibre to your meals, cut back on red meat, and stay physically active. From age 50, consider doing a yearly FIT (Faecal Immunochemical Test) or go for a colonoscopy every 5 to10 years (5). If you notice blood in your stool or changes in your bowel habits, consult your doctor.

Health screenings help detect issues early, when they’re easier to manage. With a few lifestyle changes and going for regular screenings, you can feel more confident about your long-term health.

References:

1. Health Promotion Board, Singapore (2023). National Population Health Survey 2022 Survey Report. [PDF] Available at: https://www.hpb.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/nphs-2022-survey-report.pdf.
2. National University of Singapore – University Health Centre (2021). Screening for Heart Disease. Available at: https://nus.edu.sg/uhc/articles/details/screening-for-heart-disease.
3. HealthHub (Ministry of Health Singapore) (2023). Let’s BEAT Diabetes. Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/programmes/diabetes-mellitus.
4. www.healthhub.sg. (n.d.). screening_colorectal_cancer_nuhs. [online] Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/screening_colorectal_cancer_nuhs.
5. HealthHub (Ministry of Health Singapore) (2023). Colorectal Cancer: Understand the Risk Factors, Symptoms and Screening. Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/colorectalcancer.      

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction

Galen was a second century Greek philosopher-physician born in 130 AD who rose quickly to fame with public demonstrations of anatomical and surgical skills. Penile erections were then thought to be due to ballooning of the organ due to air. The beginning of the Renaissance shows meaningful examples of scientific work on the penis and Leonardo da Vinci discovered that erections are actually caused by blood, from his observations of corpses and dissection of hanged men. He noted that hanged men, who often die with erections, exhibited a “large quantity of blood” filling the penis. His understanding of the anatomy of the penis and blood being the cause of erections was evident in his notes and anatomical drawings dating back to around 1492. And we now know that this is definitely not hot air. Pun intended.

Erections are often what a man would take for granted since it is a physiological phenomenon that takes place as a man reaches puberty and beyond. Erectile dysfunction is defined as a persistent inability to sustain penile erections hard enough for satisfactory penetrative sex. So when this happens in a relatively healthy man, it hits him really hard. Pun intended again.

In general, causes of ED are multi-factorial. We often hear of the cliché saying that the brain is actually the biggest sexual organ. This is very true as most men who present to me with ED would have some psychogenic component. Stress is the commonest cause of poor erections spanning all ages of men who have ED. The prevalence of ED has been estimated to be up to 40% in men above the age of 40 years and up to 70% in seniors above the age of 70. Other common causes of ED would include ischaemic heart disease (IHD) , hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes mellitus (DM). Some men with undiagnosed IHD or coronary artery disease (CAD) may present with ED as their first symptoms. Men with testosterone deficiency may also present with primarily ED. And early detection of these diseases is potentially life-saving.

Performance anxiety for the husband is a common problem in couples who are trying to conceive. This is especially so when sexual activity starts to become a chore and the husband is expected to perform because the wife is ovulating. It  becomes a vicious downward spiral when the man starts to doubt if he is able to initiate or sustain his erection every time he gets intimate with his spouse.

The increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Singapore would also mean that diabetic men present earlier with ED and with increased severity. ED in these individuals will be more challenging to treat as the response to oral medications may not be as encouraging. Men who have testosterone deficiency would also be counselled regarding testosterone therapy as returning the blood levels of testosterone to the normal range would potentially improve his erections and also improve his response to the oral medications for ED.

Hence lifestyle modification with weight loss, healthy living with regular exercise, quitting smoking, avoiding excessive alcohol intake is what we would advise men to do to delay the onset of ED.

Other causes of ED would include pelvic surgery or radiotherapy for treatment of bladder cancer, prostate cancer and rectal cancer where the nerves that are responsible for erections would be damaged.

Prescription oral medications eg PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) are the first line of treatment with concurrent lifestyle modification. The famous blue pill from Pfizer which was FDA approved in March 1998 gave hope to men afflicted with ED. Examples of PDE5i in Singapore include sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and avanafil). These are prescription drugs and men must always have a formal consult, including a physical examination, as not all men are suitable to take this class of medication.

Intracavernosal injections with vasoactive agents are also used to treat ED. This entails the man injecting medication (Prostaglandin E1 analogue) via a syringe with a tiny needle into the penis. It is recommended that men who are considering this seek medical attention as the doctor would be able to instruct how to safely administer the medication and what the possible complications are.

Vacuum erection devices (VED) are medical grade instruments that aid in bringing blood into the penis to cause an erection. VED can be used as a form of penile rehabilitation where the man uses the VED daily to improve blood circulation and to induce a good erection so that the penis would not shrink with disuse. VED is used together with a penile constriction band/ring to enable the man to keep his erection by preventing the blood from leaking out of the penis so that he can have successful penetrative sex.

In the past 10 years, the penis has been successfully “shocked back to life” with the use of low intensity extracorporeal shockwave treatment (LiESWT). These shocks are administered to the penis by a trained doctor causing neovascularization ie. growth of new blood vessels. This would improve blood circulation and aid in more efficient delivery of blood into the penis during arousal. The treatment cycle is typically 6 sessions for 1 cycle of treatment.

The surgical treatment for ED would be the placement of the penile prosthesis. There are 2 types of penile prosthesis, the malleable vs the inflatable.

As the name suggests, the inflatable prosthesis can be inflated so that penis becomes erect for sexual activity and deflated so that the penis become flaccid or soft. This consists of 3 components connected by tubings, namely the cylinders (being sited in the muscle of the penis), the pump (sited in the scrotum) and the reservoir (containing saline and this will be placed in the abdomen). To cause an erection, the man would have the squeeze the scrotal pump and the saline in the reservoir would fill up the penile cylinders so that the penis becomes hard/turgid. The penis will then be returned to the non-erect state by pressing the “release” button on the scrotal pump.

Unlike, the inflatable prosthesis, the malleable prosthesis consists of 2 bendable rods which are placed in the penis and the man would just have to straighten the penis for penetrative sex and bend it downward or upwards when he is not.

Both prosthesis are made of silicone, which is well tolerated by the human body. These prosthesis are placed in the operating theatre as day surgery and most patients would only have to stay overnight for the procedure and would be able to start using it after 6 weeks.

ED no longer has to be hush-hush disease and men should not have to loiter around the back alley to purchase bogus medications, putting their lives in danger. There are various options which are safe if administered with the advice of trained medical professionals.

Contributed by:

Dr Ronny Tan

Consultant Andrologist & Prosthetic Urologist

Advanced Urology Associates

WhatsApp: +65 8938 1885

https://urology.com.sg/

Scan the QR code to contact Dr Ronny Tan directly:

Key Health Topics Every Woman Should Know

Women often juggle the demands of work, family, and personal commitments, and their health can sometimes take a backseat. However, prioritising preventive care and regular check-ups can improve quality of life, support healthy ageing, and reduce the risk of chronic conditions.

Here are three areas of health that women should pay attention to, especially as they age:

1. Reproductive & Hormonal Health

Hormonal changes affect mood, energy, menstrual cycles, and menopause. Common concerns like menstrual irregularities, hormonal imbalances, and menopause symptoms are manageable with timely care.

Globally, menstrual disorders rank among the top five gynaecological concerns (1). In Singapore, uterine, ovarian, and cervical cancers are among the most common (2).

Preventive measures:

• Schedule regular check-ups tailored to age and life stage
• Stay up to date with recommended screenings such as Pap smears and HPV vaccination (3)
• Speak to your doctor about any persistent or unusual symptoms

2. Bone Health & Osteoporosis

Often called the “silent disease,” osteoporosis weakens bones and raises the risk of fractures, especially after menopause.

In Singapore, one in three women over 50 has osteoporosis. Among those over 60, half are at intermediate risk, and a quarter are at high risk (4).

Prevention tips:

• Eat calcium-rich foods (e.g., dairy, leafy greens)
• Engage in weight-bearing exercises like walking or light resistance training
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
• If you’re over 50, have a family history of fractures, or have experienced a minor fall injury, consider getting a bone density scan

3. Preventive Screenings for Chronic Conditions

Preventive screenings are essential to detect health issues before they become serious. They’re especially critical for conditions that may show no early symptoms.

• Cervical cancer: Pap test every 3 years and HPV testing are recommended for women aged 25–69 who have been sexually active (5)
• Breast cancer: Mammograms are recommended for women over 40
• Other conditions: Keep an eye on your blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol through regular health screenings

Final Thoughts

Being proactive about health isn’t just about avoiding illness, it’s about living life fully. Let’s take charge of our health and prioritise regular screenings and seek medical guidance for any changes, no matter how minor they may seem.

 

References:

1. Sani, K., Lachyan, A.S. and Simon, N.H., 2021. Systematic Review On Prevalence Of Menstrual Disorders Among Women. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res, 12, pp.1525-41527.
2. Simon, A.E., Wardle, J., Grimmett, C., Power, E., Corker, E., Menon, U., Matheson, L. and Waller, J. (2012). Ovarian and cervical cancer awareness: development of two validated measurement tools. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, [online] 38(3), pp.167–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2011-100118.
3. Lim, T., Ismail-Pratt, I. and Goh, L. (2022). Cervical cancer screening and vaccination: understanding the latest guidelines. Singapore Medical Journal, 63(3), pp.125–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2022045.
4. Tan, H.C., Seng, J.J.B. and Low, L.L. (2021). Osteoporosis awareness among patients in Singapore (OASIS)—a community hospital perspective. Archives of Osteoporosis, 16(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-021-01012-6.
5. www.nccs.com.sg. (n.d.). Cancer Screening. [online] Available at: https://www.nccs.com.sg/patient-care/cancer-types/pages/cancer-screening.aspx.

How Sleep Deprivation Leads to Cardiovascular Diseases

Getting sufficient sleep is pivotal to health and wellbeing. But as many as one in three adults are not getting enough sleep [1]. Insufficient sleep can lead to several health conditions, including cardiovascular disease.

How does sleep deprivation affect your heart? 

A lack of sleep can lead to the following cardiovascular conditions:

• Hypertension. A lack of sleep can elevate our blood pressure, and even a small increase in blood pressure can, over time, increase the chances of developing heart disease [2].
• Obesity. Sleep plays a role in metabolism and hormone regulation. This means that you might find it harder to lose weight if you are sleep deprived. Also, when you are sleep deprived, you are tempted to eat higher sugar foods to try and replace the lost energy and are less likely to exercise due to general fatigue.
• Type 2 diabetes. A third of people with type 2 diabetes will be affected by a cardiovascular disease. Recent data suggests that people who sleep less than 6 hours daily have a higher risk of developing diabetes compared with those sleeping 7-8 hrs [3].
• Stress. Stress can be caused by sleep deprivation but can also be the cause of your insomnia. For example, if you are stressed about work, you might experience chronic sleeplessness, which can then increase your stress levels further. It is important to try and break this cycle and resolve the core reason for your stress.

Suggestions on improving your sleep habit:

• Practice good sleep hygiene. This means no screens before bed, no working from your bed, getting into a good nighttime routine and getting up at the same time each day.
• Consider supplements. This might be a natural remedy to help you doze off.
• Exercise. Even if you initially feel tired, exercise can help you get more sleep.
• Eat healthy food. A balanced diet containing plenty of protein and vegetables can help improve your sleep quality. You should also cut down on alcohol and caffeine consumption, as these can cause sleep problems.

Article contributed by:
Dr Reginald Liew
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
The Harley Street Heart & Vascular Centre

WhatsApp +65 8031 2388

References:

1. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). What are sleep deprivation and deficiency. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation
2. American Heart Association. (2021, February 22). Effect on sleep disturbances on blood pressure. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14479
3. JAMA Network. (2024, March 05). Habitual short sleep duration, diet, and development of type 2 diabetes in adults. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2815684

Debunking Cancer Myths

As we observe World Cancer Day this month, it’s a timely reminder of the ongoing fight against cancer, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. In Singapore, cancer was the top cause of death from 2017 to 2021, accounting for 28.2% of all fatalities (1).

Despite advancements in medical science, several myths persist, potentially delaying diagnosis and treatment. Dispelling these misconceptions is crucial for effective cancer prevention and management. Let’s take a closer look at some common cancer myths and the facts behind them.

Common Cancer Myths and Facts

1. Myth: Cancer is a Death Sentence
   Fact: While cancer is a serious disease, it is not invariably fatal. Advancements in early detection, treatment, and supportive care have significantly improved survival rates. For instance, Five-year survival for distant stage prostate cancer improved from 28.7% during 2001–2005 to 32.3% during 2011–2016 (2).
2. Myth: Only Individuals with a Family History are at Risk
   Fact: Yes, a family history of cancer can increase your risk of developing cancer, but many people who develop cancer don’t have a family history (3).
3. Myth: Cancer is Contagious
   Fact: Cancer cannot be transmitted from person to person. However, certain viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C, can increase cancer risk and are transmissible (4).
4. Myth: Superfoods Can Prevent Cancer
   Fact: No specific food can guarantee cancer prevention. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, combined with a healthy lifestyle, can reduce risk but not eliminate it (5).

Regular health check-ups are vital for early cancer detection, significantly improving treatment outcomes. Adhering to national screening guidelines is essential. For instance, women aged 50–69 are advised to undergo mammograms every two years to screen for breast cancer (6).

Similarly, individuals aged 50 and above should consider annual Faecal Immunochemical Tests (FIT) for colorectal cancer screening (7).

By proactively participating in recommended screening programmes and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, you can enhance your chances of early detection and successful treatment.

References

1. Health365.sg. (2024). Cancer In Singapore – Health365. [online] Available at: https://www.health365.sg/cancer/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2025].
2. Siegel, D.A. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage and Race/Ethnicity — United States, 2001–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, [online] 69. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a1
3. Cancer Research UK (2018). Family history and inherited cancer genes. [online] Cancer Research UK. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/inherited-cancer-genes-and-increased-cancer-risk/family-history-and-inherited-cancer-genes
4. Schiller, J.T. and Lowy, D.R. (2013). Virus Infection and Human Cancer: An Overview. Viruses and Human Cancer, pp.1–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_1
5. Holmes, S. (2006). Nutrition and the prevention of cancer. The journal of family health care, [online] 16(2), pp.43–6. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16715752/
6. Qaseem, A., Lin, J.S., Mustafa, R.A., Horwitch, C.A., Wilt, T.J. and Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians*, 2019. Screening for breast cancer in average-risk women: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine, 170(8), pp.547-560. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/m18-2147
7. Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care. (2016). Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(5), pp.340–348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.151125

The Importance of Pre-Exercise and Pre-Marathon Cardiac Screening

As cardiologists, we encourage regular moderate exercise to reduce your long term risk of heart disease.

An athlete’s sudden cardiac death is one of the tragic risks of strenuous exercise in the presence of a dormant cardiac abnormality.

Most major international sports organisations recommend a pre-exercise cardiac screening for the participants. The aim of screening is to identify these “silent” but high-risk problems that increase the risk of death due to high-intensity exercise.

In younger athletes – under 35 years – the usual causes of sudden cardiac death are due to structural abnormalities affecting the heart. These abnormalities can be genetic or acquired. They can affect the heart muscle, valves or anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Another major subset of conditions that run a higher risk are electrical cardiac abnormalities. Cardiologists believe that the mechanism of sudden death is secondary to a malignant arrhythmia.

In older people, the most common cause of sudden cardiac death is due to coronary artery plaque rupture leading to a heart attack. High blood pressure, smoking, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes and a family history of premature coronary disease increase this risk.

The vast majority of individuals who suffered a fatal cardiac event showed no prior symptoms. Worrying clinical features include:

• Chest pains, giddiness, dizzy spells, palpitations or blackouts during exercise
• Feeling short of breath which is out of proportion to the intensity of the exercise
• Family history of a hereditary cardiac disorder or sudden cardiac death

The pre-exercise cardiac screening includes a medical history, physical examination, an ECG and echocardiogram. All the tests are safe, non-invasive, can be done at a clinic and take no longer than 1 hour to perform. Currently, genetic testing for common genetic cardiac conditions is not part of a cardiac screening.

Another pre-exercise screening test is cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). This is a non-invasive simultaneous measurement of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during exercise to assess an individual’s capacity. A CPET has many applications for evaluating a wide range of cardiac problems. The peak VO2 max achieved is a measure of someone’s maximal physiological uptake of oxygen. This means that it can act as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular fitness. The peak VO2 max can guide exercise training programs.

Pre-exercise screening has the potential to identify a high-risk subgroup of individuals. Based on the results, doctors can then tell them about their best exercise options. In the case of a high-risk patient, the screening will also provide an opportunity to prevent sudden cardiac death by implantation of an automated cardio-defibrillator.

Contributed by:
The Harley Street Heart & Vascular Centre
https://www.harleystreet.sg/heart/
WhatsApp +65 8031 2388

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

I get urine infection very often; do I have recurrent Urinary tract infection (rUTI)?

rUTI refers to getting at least 2 infections in six months or at least 3 infections in one year.

The episode of UTI must be confirmed with positive urine culture.

Is this common?

rUTI is one of the most common conditions affecting mainly women.

It is estimated that around 50–60% of women will develop UTIs in their lifetimes and Escherichia coli is the most common organism that causes UTI.

Is rUTI related to sex?

Yes. Sexual intercourse and the use of spermicide can be the cause of rUTI especially in young and pre-menopausal women.

What are the other causes of rUTI?

Young and pre-menopausal women	Post-menopausal and elderly women
Sexual intercourse Use of spermicide A new sexual partner A mother with a history of UTI History of UTI during childhood Blood group antigen secretory status	History of UTI before menopause Urinary incontinence Atrophic vaginitis due to oestrogen deficiency Increased post-void urine volume Blood group antigen secretory status

Adapted from European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines

Am I genetically at risk of getting rUTI?

Yes, it is possible. The different blood groups secretor substances may influence the availability of these receptors on the urothelial cells (cells on the surface of the bladder) thereby affecting bacterial adherence and the susceptibility to UTI.

The frequencies of secretor status in different ABO blood groups are 70.1% in group A, 67.8% in group B, 67.9% in group AB, and 88.3% in group O.

Hence blood group B and AB individuals are at risk of getting recurrent UTI.

What should I expect at my first visit to a Urologist?

Your Urologist will first take a history, perform physical examination and do a series of tests to establish the diagnosis of rUTI. These may include:

• Midstream urine analysis
• Urine Culture and Sensitivity analysis of the bacteria involved
• Bedside ultrasound examination of the kidneys and bladder
• Uroflowmetry and post void residual urine

Depending on your symptoms, further tests such as CT scan or Cystoscopy might be offered by the Urologist.

The purpose of these tests is to exclude any organic causes to the recurrent nature of the UTI. These include stones, downstream obstruction such as prostate enlargement or by prolapsed organs (women) and most importantly to rule out underlying cancers that could account for the symptoms.

What is the prevention for rUTI?

• Lifestyle and behavioral modification
• Probiotics, cranberry and D mannose prevention
• Antibiotics prevention
• Immunoactive prophylaxis or oral vaccines

Prevention is better than cure!

Lifestyle and behavioral modification

• Drink plenty of fluids
• To urinate regularly
• Not holding urine for a long time . This allows bacteria to multiply within the urinary tract, resulting in UTI.
• Pass urine after sexual intercourse
• Avoid spermicidal contraceptives if possible, diaphragms and vaginal douching with shower cream, soap or lotions. This will irritate the vagina and urethra area and facilitate the entry and colonisation of bacteria. They could alter vaginal flora and cause UTI.
• To wipe from front to back, which will reduce the spread of E. coli from the perigenital area to the urethra.
• Vaginal estrogen creams or rings may also reduce the risk of UTI in postmenopausal women

Probiotics, cranberry and D mannose prevention

Taking regular probiotics, cranberry supplements and D mannose has been shown to have positive effects towards rUTIs.

Do remember not all Lactobacillus strains are effective for vaginal flora restoration and rUTI prevention.

The highest efficacy was shown with L. rhamnosus GR-1, L. reuteri B-54, L. reuteri RC-14, L. casei shirota, and L. crispatus CTV-05.

Antibiotics prevention

1. Self-start regime – If you are familiar with the symptoms and it has been proven with a urine culture before, the urologist may advise you to self-start antibiotic treatment whenever you are experiencing the start of the UTI symptoms.

2. Post sexual intercourse self-start – If the UTI happens mostly after sexual intercourse, your Urologist may advise you to self start a 3-day prophylactic course of antibiotics after sexual intercourse.

3. Long term low dose antibiotic regime – Your urologist may advise you to take a 3 to 6 month daily course of low dose antibiotics to prevent recurring UTI. This is usually advised when all conservative measurements fail.

Immunoactive prophylaxis or oral vaccines

The 2 most common used oral vaccines in the market are OM-89 and MV 140.

Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews based on Randominsed controlled trials have shown that oral immunotherapy is effective and safe method for the prevention of rUTIs compared to placebo at short-term follow up to 12months.

OM-89 or Uro-Vaxom® has been shown effective in preventing E coli rUTI in women compared to placebo. It is an oral capsule to be taken once a day for 3 months with or without subsequent booster dose.

On the other hand, MV 140 or Uromune™, a Sublingal spray to be taken twice a day for 3 months is effective in preventing 4 different types of bacteria causing rUTI ( Ecoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Enterococcus Faecalis).

These 2 oral vaccines have been recommended in European Association of Urology (EAU) in its guidelines. In Singapore, these vaccines are brought in through HSA’s Special Access Route.

Please visit your Urologist today to find out more.

Contributed by:
Dr Shirley Bang
Urologist

Advanced Urology Associates
Appointments: +65 6738 1838
Email: enquiry@urology.com.sg
https://urology.com.sg/