Understanding the Effects of Blue Light Effects on the Skin

Did you know that your smartphone, laptops, and TV screens actually give off blue light? In the last decade, dermatologists and researchers have uncovered that blue light is emitted from digital devices, which is commonplace in our daily lives, particularly at the workplace. This has led to increased attention on the effects of blue light and our skin.

Blue light is part of the visible light spectrum, which is naturally emitted by the sun. However, with the proliferation of artificial sources like smartphones and mobile devices, this has greatly increased our exposure to blue light. At the workplace, the regular professional working in an office-based setting, spends an average of 7 hours a day in front of screens.

What blue light does to our skin

It is vital to understand that blue light penetrates the skin more than ultraviolet (UV) light, which allows it to reach the deeper layers where collagen and elastin are found, which will manifest with the following in the skin:

1. Skin aging – This leads to damage of important structures of our skin that leads to damage of DNA and important structures. This causes the skin to lose its firmness and elasticity, leading to wrinkles and sagging.
2. Hyperpigmentation – Research has shown that blue light worsens existing pigmentation conditions, i.e melasma. This is more accentuated in individuals with darker skin tones.
3. Skin inflammation – Prolonged exposure blue light has been shown in studies to lead to increased inflammation, which leads to worsening of conditions such as acne and dermatitis.

On the other hand, it is also necessary to understand that dermatologists have also harnessed the effects of blue light in the medical setting to treat the skin. For example, blue light in licensed medical devices has been shown to have anti-bacterial effects and used to treat conditions like acne and reduce inflammation in psoriasis skin. However, it is rarely used in isolation, and combination treatment with topical creams and oral medications, is required to effectively treat the aforementioned conditions.

How can I protect myself in the workplace?

In the workplace, we are constantly exposed to digital devices, computer screens and LED lighting. It then becomes essential to integrate these simple steps to reduce the ill-effects and protect our skin:

1. Broad-Spectrum Sunscreens: Look for sunscreen that offers wide protection from UV light and include ingredients that protect against visible light (which will include blue light).
2. Device management: Install a blue light filter on your laptop screens to reduce exposure. It is also advisable to take regular screen breaks, which can be achieved by taking a 20-second break every 20 minutes to look at something 20 feet away. Many computer operating systems also have adjustable screen settings to reduce blue light emission during evening hours.
3. Build a healthy lifestyle regime: Incorporate a diet rich in anti-oxidants like fruits and vegetables to support against the oxidative stress you are subjected to from blue light, which goes a long way to supporting the healthy renewal of your skin.

When do I need to seek help? 

As blue light exposure in the workplace becomes increasingly unavoidable, learning more about skin protection becomes important. If you notice any effects on blue light showing on your skin, it is advisable to pay a visit to your dermatologist before starting yourself on skincare products. You might read that products containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and niacinamide, may be useful to help with your skin. However, it is important to ascertain if these are suitable for your skin and skin type. Your dermatologist will evaluate your skin type, understand your concerns, and evaluate if any existing conditions are present that may conflict with treatment options available. The most suitable plan can then be formulated to address your needs.

Conclusion 

Many professionals have to spend long hours in front of screens, whether at their desk in front of a laptop or in meetings with digital presentations. The cumulative effect of blue light exposure can contribute to premature skin aging, hyperpigmentation, and increased inflammation, particularly in those with sensitive skin.

While more research is still required to fully comprehend the full impact of blue light and our skin, current evidence suggests that it plays a role in many skin conditions. It is therefore important to understand the effects of blue light, and to proactively seek medical help from a dermatologist to help protect your skin early, so as to keep up with the demands of a digital work environment.

Schedule an appointment with Dr Kok today at the clinic most convenient for you and get personalised advice on prevention and skincare tips to protect your skin from the effects of blue light:

• HMI Medical Centre (Farrer Park)

Contributed by: Dr Kok Wai Leong Senior Consultant Dermatologist, HMI Medical Centre (Farrer Park)

References

1. Clement M, Daniel G, Trelles M. Optimising the design of a broad-band light source for the treatment of skin. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2005 Dec;7(3-4):177-89.
2. Regazzetti C, Sormani L, Debayle D, Bernerd F, Tulic MK, De Donatis GM, Chignon-Sicard B, Rocchi S, Passeron T. Melanocytes Sense Blue Light and Regulate Pigmentation through Opsin-3. J Invest Dermatol. 2018 Jan;138(1):171-178.
3. Mahmoud BH, Ruvolo E, Hexsel CL, Liu Y, Owen MR, Kollias N, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Aug;130(8):2092-7.

How Cold Weather Affects Heart Health

For people residing in Singapore, the cool breeze that comes with visiting cold countries can be both refreshing and exhilarating. Whether you’re flying for a winter holiday or visiting Christmas markets, experiencing freezing temperatures can be a delightful change from Singapore’s warm and humid climate. However, while cold weather may seem harmless, it can pose risks to heart health. Do be cautious when travelling overseas, especially during winter, especially if you have an underlying heart condition (1).

In this article, we will explore how cold weather impacts your heart and circulatory system, how you can protect yourself, and why it’s essential to take heart health seriously when travelling to colder regions.

Increased Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

In colder weather, several physiological changes occur that can strain the heart. Even a slight drop in temperature can lead to changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and overall cardiovascular health (2).

When temperatures drop, the body responds by narrowing blood vessels, a process known as vasoconstriction. This helps to preserve core body heat but also increases the resistance the heart has to overcome to pump blood. Consequently, blood pressure rises. For individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, this added strain can lead to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.  

Impact of Seasonal Behaviour Changes

When travelling overseas in the cooler months, lifestyle changes can also affect heart health. Singaporeans may tend to stay indoors more, which can reduce physical activity levels. Additionally, the holiday season often brings dietary indulgences and increased alcohol consumption, both of which can negatively impact heart health.

1. Reduced Physical Activity

Staying indoors more often may lead to a decrease in physical activity, which is vital for maintaining cardiovascular health. Regular exercise helps to manage weight, lower blood pressure, and reduce cholesterol levels. The cooler months can be a challenge for maintaining an active lifestyle, but it’s important to find ways to stay moving (4).

2. Diet and Alcohol Consumption

The festive period may lead to increased consumption of rich foods and alcohol. Excessive intake of these can contribute to weight gain, high cholesterol, and hypertension (5).

Protecting Your Heart During Cooler Months

Fortunately, there are several strategies that we can use to safeguard their heart health during the cooler seasons.

1. Stay Active

Even if it’s cooler outside, maintaining an exercise routine is essential. Activities such as brisk walking, indoor workouts, or joining a local gym can help keep your heart in good shape. Consider activities that can be done indoors or during the warmer parts of the day.

2. Dress Appropriately

If you do go outside, make sure to dress in layers to stay warm. This helps to avoid sudden changes in body temperature, which can strain the heart. Layering also allows you to adjust your clothing as needed to stay comfortable during physical activity (6).

3. Monitor Your Diet

Be mindful of your dietary choices. Opt for heart-healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit intake of saturated fats, sugars, and alcohol.

4. Stay Hydrated

Dehydration can increase the risk of heart problems by affecting blood viscosity. Ensure you drink plenty of water throughout the day, even if you’re not engaging in intense physical activity.

5. Regular Check-Ups

Regular medical check-ups can help monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and overall heart health. For men, who are at a higher risk for heart disease, it’s especially important to stay on top of these health metrics.

Understanding the Statistics

While heart disease is a global issue, Singapore has seen an increasing prevalence of heart-related illnesses in recent years. According to the Singapore Heart Foundation, heart disease accounts for 30.9% of all deaths in the country in 2023. The rising trend is attributed to factors such as ageing, lifestyle choices, and the increasing prevalence of conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes (7).

Conclusion

Travelling to colder countries is exciting and enriching, but it’s essential to be mindful of the impact that cold weather can have on your heart. As a Singaporean, your body may not be accustomed to extreme cold, so taking precautions can prevent serious heart problems. Dress warmly, stay active but avoid overexertion, maintain a healthy diet, and always listen to your body. With proper care and planning, you can enjoy your winter holidays while keeping your heart safe.

References:

1. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/cold-weather-and-cardiovascular-disease
2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20036896/
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6437575/
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26907579/
5. https://jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/150/177
6. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA445604.pdf
7. https://www.myheart.org.sg/health/heart-disease-statistics/

Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Heart health often takes a backseat in the hustle and bustle of everyday life. But here’s a friendly reminder: prioritising your well-being isn’t just an option—it’s a necessity. Let’s dive into key preventive measures for cardiovascular disease that every Singaporean should know about.

1. Adopt a Heart-Healthy Diet

A balanced diet is your first line of defence against heart disease (1). Include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins into your diet. Avoid foods rich in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium. Choose heart-healthy fats such as those present in avocados, nuts, and olive oil.

2. Stay Active

Regular physical activity is crucial. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking, each week (2). Exercise helps maintain a healthy weight, lowers blood pressure, and reduces stress.

3. Maintain a Healthy Weight

Excess weight, particularly around the abdomen, increases the risk of heart disease (3).  A balanced diet and consistent exercise will help to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

4. Quit Smoking

Smoking is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Seek support from smoking cessation programmes or counselling to help you quit since it will significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems (4).

5. Limit Alcohol Consumption

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to high blood pressure and other heart-related issues (5). Enjoy alcohol responsibly by consuming it in moderation.

6. Control Blood Sugar and Cholesterol Levels

Regular screenings can help you keep track of your blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Manage these through diet, exercise, and medications if necessary.

7. Manage Stress

Chronic stress can harm your heart. Use stress management practices such as mindfulness, meditation, and regular physical activity.

Common Questions About Heart Disease Risk

What are the main risk factors for heart disease?

The primary risk factors include smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and genetic predisposition (6).

Can heart disease be prevented if it runs in my family?

While genetic predisposition increases your risk, many lifestyle changes can significantly reduce your risk. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking are key preventive measures (7).

How often should I get screened for heart disease?

It is recommended to have regular health screenings. Speak with your healthcare provider about the appropriate frequency based on your personal and family medical history (8).

Preventing cardiovascular disease involves adopting a healthy lifestyle, staying informed, and seeking regular medical advice. By making these changes, you can significantly reduce your risk and enjoy a healthier, longer life.

References

1. Diab, A., Dastmalchi, L. N., Gulati, M., & Michos, E. D. (2023). A Heart-Healthy Diet for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Where Are We Now? Vascular Health and Risk Management, 19(19), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S379874
2. American Heart Association. (2024). American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults
3. Obesity. (n.d.). British Heart Foundation. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/risk-factors/obesity#:~:text=Excess%20weight%2C%20especially%20round%20your
4. Joseph, A. M., & Fu, S. S. (2003). Smoking Cessation for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 3(5), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.2165/00129784-200303050-00005
5. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Alcohol and Heart Health: Separating Fact from Fiction. Www.hopkinsmedicine.org. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/alcohol-and-heart-health-separating-fact-from-fiction#:~:text=Excessive%20alcohol%20intake%20can%20lead
6. CDC. (2024, April 24). Heart Disease Risk Factors. Heart Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/risk-factors/index.html
7. Buttar, H. S., Li, T., & Ravi, N. (2005). Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, 10(4), 229–249. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716237/
8. American Heart Association. (2019, March 22). Heart-Health Screenings. Www.heart.org. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/heart-health-screenings

Ways to Reduce Risk for Lung Cancer

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally (1). Despite its prevalence, lung cancer can be largely preventable. By understanding the risk factors and adopting preventive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their chances of developing this chronic disease.

Overview of the Risk for Lung Cancer

Lung cancer primarily affects the respiratory system, starting in the lungs and potentially spreading to other parts of the body. While smoking remains the most significant risk factor, non-smokers are not entirely immune. Other factors such as exposure to second-hand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, and genetic predispositions also contribute to the risk.

Ways to Prevent Lung Cancer

1. Avoid Smoking

The most effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer is to avoid smoking altogether (2). Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens that damage lung tissue, leading to cancer. For smokers, quitting can drastically reduce the risk. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the relative risk of lung cancer decreases steadily after smoking cessation, dropping to half after 10 to 15 years of cessation (3).

2. Minimise Exposure to Second-hand Smoke

Non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke have a significantly higher chance of developing lung cancer. Second-hand smoke, or passive smoke, is a major risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers, increasing the risk by about 20-30% (4). No amount of exposure to second-hand smoke is safe. Ensuring homes and vehicles are smoke-free can protect non-smokers from the harmful effects of tobacco smoke.

4. Avoid Exposure to Carcinogens at Work

Certain occupations expose workers to carcinogens such as asbestos, arsenic, and diesel exhaust (5). Ensuring proper safety measures, using protective equipment, and following safety protocols can significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer associated with occupational exposure. Employers are also mandated by law to provide a safe working environment, and employees should be proactive in adhering to safety guidelines.

5. Maintain a Healthy Diet

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help lower the risk of lung cancer. These foods contain antioxidants and phytochemicals that protect cells from damage. Studies have shown that a high intake of vegetables and fruits, particularly cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage, is associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer (6).

6. Reduce Air Pollution Exposure

Prolonged exposure to polluted air can increase the risk of lung cancer. Air pollution, particularly in highly polluted cities, has been identified as a significant risk factor for lung cancer. During periods of poor air quality, staying indoors, using air purifiers, and wearing masks can help reduce exposure to harmful pollutants. According to estimates from the World Health Organisation, air pollution causes over 4 million unnecessary deaths globally each year and Lung cancer is one of the primary causes (7).

Conclusion

Reducing the risk of lung cancer involves a combination of lifestyle changes, environmental awareness, and proactive health measures. By avoiding smoking, minimizing exposure to second-hand smoke and other carcinogens, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, and being mindful of air quality, individuals can significantly lower their chances of developing lung cancer.

References

1. Barta, J. A., Powell, C. A., & Wisnivesky, J. P. (2019). Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Annals of Global Health, 85(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2419
2. Benefits of Reduced Smoking on Lung Cancer. (2024, February 9). Cancer.gov; Cancer.gov. https://dceg.cancer.gov/news-events/news/2024/reducing-smoking-lung-cancer#:~:text=A%20new%20analysis%20quantifies%20the
3. Faselis, C., Nations, J. A., Morgan, C. J., Antevil, J., Roseman, J. M., Zhang, S., … & Ahmed, A. (2022). Assessment of lung cancer risk among smokers for whom annual screening is not recommended. JAMA oncology, 8(10), 1428-1437. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2794805
4. CDC. (2022, November 28). Health problems caused by secondhand smoke. Www.cdc.gov; CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/health.html
5. Cani, M., Turco, F., Butticè, S., Vogl, U. M., Buttigliero, C., Novello, S., & Capelletto, E. (2023). How Does Environmental and Occupational Exposure Contribute to Carcinogenesis in Genitourinary and Lung Cancers? Cancers, 15(10), 2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15102836
6. Ağagündüz, D., Şahin, T. Ö., Yılmaz, B., Ekenci, K. D., Duyar Özer, Ş., & Capasso, R. (2022). Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Bioactive Metabolites: from Prevention to Novel Therapies of Colorectal Cancer. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1534083
7. Lung Cancer. (n.d.). www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg. https://www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.html#risk-factors

Understanding Lung Cancer: What Every Singaporean Should Know

Lung cancer is a prevalent health concern in Singapore. Understanding its nature, types, and symptoms can empower you to take proactive steps for your health. This article provides a comprehensive overview of lung cancer, helping you stay informed and vigilant. 

Overview of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer often begins in the cell lining of the lung’s air passage. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide.

In Singapore, lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among males and the third highest among females. According to the Singapore Cancer Registry 2019 Annual Report, lung cancer made up 25.6% of cancer deaths in males and 15.5% of deaths in females in Singapore between 2015-2019(1)

Lung cancer had the second poorest survival rate for males 25.5% and the lowest survival rate for females 29.3%.(2)

While anyone can develop lung cancer, it is more prevalent among:

• Smokers : Smokers are 15-30 times more likely to get lung cancer.
• Individuals exposed to secondhand smoke: Secondhand smoke increases the risk by 20-30%.
• People exposed to pollutants and certain chemicals.

Types of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is broadly classified into two main types:

1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): This is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of cases. It includes subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
2. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Less common but more aggressive, SCLC accounts for about 15% of cases. It tends to spread quickly and is often found in heavy smokers.(3)

There are also other types of cancer that may affect the lung.

Signs and Symptoms

Early detection of lung cancer can significantly improve treatment outcomes. Here are the common signs and symptoms to watch out for:

• Persistent Cough: A cough that doesn’t go away or gets worse over time.
• Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest that may worsen with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or feeling winded with minimal exertion.
• Hoarseness: A change in voice or hoarse sound.
• Weight Loss: Unexplained loss of appetite and weight.
• Coughing Up Blood: Even a small amount of blood in the cough can be a sign of lung cancer.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional promptly.

Stay informed and proactive about your health. Early detection and treatment can make a significant difference in managing lung cancer effectively. Seek medical advice without delay If you have any concerns.

Remember, your health is in your hands. Stay vigilant and take charge of your well-being!

References:

• What Is Lung Cancer – Health365.sg
• Singapore Lung Cancer Statistics – Health365.sg
• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/what-is.html

Understanding Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, with a particularly high incidence in Asia, including Singapore. As the primary filtration system for our blood, the liver plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Understanding the differences between liver cancer and liver disease is essential for early detection, effective treatment, and prevention.

Overview of Liver Cancer

Liver cancer, also called hepatic cancer, begins in the liver cells. The most common type is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for about 75% of all liver cancers. (1) Less common types include intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma.

According to the Singapore Cancer Registry, there were over 1,500 new cases of liver cancer diagnosed between 2015 and 2019.

Signs and Symptoms of Liver Cancer

Early detection of liver cancer can be challenging as the symptoms often do not appear until the disease is in an advanced stage. However, recognising the early signs is crucial for timely medical intervention. Common symptoms include:

• Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden and unexplained weight loss is a common symptom. (2)
• Loss of Appetite: A noticeable decrease in appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts.
• Abdominal Pain and Swelling: Persistent pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen, which can sometimes spread to the back or shoulder.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Frequent episodes of nausea and vomiting.
• General Weakness and Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and weakness that does not improve with rest.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating a liver problem.
• White, Chalky Stools: Changes in stool color can also be a sign. (3)

Risk Factors for Liver Cancer

Several behaviors and conditions increase the risk of developing liver cancer:

• Obesity: Being overweight or having obesity increases the risk.
• Diabetes: Having diabetes can increase the risk of liver cancer.
• Smoking: Cigarette smoking is linked to a higher risk of liver cancer.
• Alcohol Consumption: Drinking alcohol excessively can lead to liver damage and increase cancer risk.
• Hemochromatosis: This condition, where the body stores more iron than needed, can increase risk. (4)
• Chronic Hepatitis Infections: Long-term hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infections are significant risk factors.
• Cirrhosis: This scarring of the liver, often caused by hepatitis or alcohol use, significantly raises cancer risk.
• Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): The presence of extra fat in the liver not caused by alcohol is a risk factor.
• Aflatoxin Exposure: Consuming foods contaminated with aflatoxins, a type of fungus that grows on improperly stored grains and nuts, is a risk factor. (5)

How Liver Cancer Differs from Liver Disease

Liver cancer is a specific malignancy within the broader category of liver diseases. While both can cause liver dysfunction, they differ in cause, progression, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Liver cancer often arises from chronic infections (hepatitis B/C), cirrhosis, or excessive alcohol intake, and progresses rapidly, with symptoms like weight loss and jaundice appearing later. Conversely, liver disease encompasses a wider range of conditions like hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and genetic disorders, with variable progression and symptoms depending on the type. Diagnosing both may involve blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsies, but treatment differs significantly. Liver cancer treatment focuses on removing or destroying cancerous tissue (surgery, ablation), while liver disease treatment depends on the cause, ranging from antiviral medications (hepatitis) to lifestyle changes and potentially liver transplant (cirrhosis).

While liver cancer is a specific type of cancer affecting the liver cells, liver disease is a broader term encompassing various conditions that impair liver function. The primary differences between liver cancer and liver disease include their causes, progression, and treatment.

Prevention and Early Detection

Preventing liver cancer involves addressing the risk factors associated with liver disease. Key preventive measures include:

• Regular Screening: Individuals at high risk, such as those with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, should undergo regular screening for early detection of liver cancer.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding exposure to aflatoxins can reduce the risk of liver disease and cancer.
• Safe Practices: Using clean needles, practicing safe sex, and ensuring blood products are tested can prevent hepatitis B and C infections.
• Vaccination: Hepatitis B vaccination helps protect against preventable chronic liver disease. (6)

References

1. Types of Liver Cancer: Common, Rare and More Varieties. (2018, October 5). Cancer Treatment Centers of America. https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/liver-cancer/types  
2. Bhattacharya, R., Hwang, J. H., & Ko, C. (2020). The Patient with Unexplained Weight Loss. Yamada’s Handbook of Gastroenterology, 37.
3. Mayer, L., & Bhikha, R. (2014). Changes in Colours of the Body–the Determinants of Disease. skin, 1, 270.
4. Elmberg, M., Hultcrantz, R., Ekbom, A., Brandt, L., Olsson, S., Olsson, R., … & Askling, J. (2003). Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology, 125(6), 1733-1741.
5. Jackson, P. E., & Groopman, J. D. (1999). Aflatoxin and liver cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 13(4), 545-555.
6. Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis B Vaccination. (n.d.). Www.hepb.org. https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/

What is Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) (1), typically spreads through contaminated food or water, or close contact with someone infected with the virus. (2)

In Singapore, historically, most reported cases of Hepatitis A stemmed from consuming contaminated raw or undercooked shellfish (3).

Due to improved sanitation and food safety measures, the incidence of Hepatitis A in Singapore has significantly declined. However, it’s still crucial to be aware of the risks, especially for travelers visiting regions with high HAV prevalence (4).

Symptoms of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A symptoms may not always appear, especially in children. However, when present, they can include (5):

• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Fever
• Dark-colored urine
• Pale stools
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)

Preventing Hepatitis A with Immunisation

The best defense against Hepatitis A infection is vaccination. There are two main types of hepatitis A vaccines:

• Single-antigen vaccine: Protects solely against hepatitis A.
• Combination vaccine: Protects against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B, typically recommended for adults 18 years and older (6).

Protecting Yourself

Beyond vaccination, practicing good hygiene is essential to prevent Hepatitis A infection. This includes (7):

• Thorough hand washing with soap and water after using the toilet and before preparing food
• Drinking only treated or boiled water, particularly when traveling to regions with high HAV prevalence
• Consuming thoroughly cooked food, especially shellfish
• Avoiding close contact with individuals infected with Hepatitis A

By understanding the symptoms and importance of vaccination and good hygiene practices, you can effectively protect yourself from Hepatitis A. Talk to your doctor about getting vaccinated and discuss any concerns you might have.

References

1. NCI Thesaurus. (n.d.). Ncit.nci.nih.gov. Retrieved June 18, 2024, from https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=ncit&code=C3096
2. Fiore, Anthony E. (2004). Hepatitis A Transmitted by Food. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(5), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1086/381671
3. Goh, K. T., Doraisingham, S., Monteiro, E. H., & Ling, A. E. (1987). Acute hepatitis A in Singapore: importance of shellfish ingestion in a non-epidemic period. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 16(4), 591–594.
4. Cao, G., Jing, W., Liu, J., & Liu, M. (2021). The global trends and regional differences in incidence and mortality of hepatitis A from 1990 to 2019 and implications for its prevention. Hepatology International, 15(5), 1068–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-021-10232-4
5. World Health Organization. (2023, July 20). Hepatitis A. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a
6. (2024, May 6). Hepatitis A Vaccine. Hepatitis A. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/vaccination/index.html
7. Services, D. of H. & H. (n.d.). Hepatitis A. Www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/node/1313

Heart Disease in Men

Heart disease is an umbrella term for several heart conditions, including coronary artery disease and heart attack. Let’s find out the signs and symptoms specific to men’s heart disease for early detection and treatment.

Signs and Symptoms of Heart Disease in Men

While some men might experience no symptoms at all, here are some common signs and symptoms of heart disease in men to be aware of:

• Chest pain or discomfort: This is often described as a squeezing, pressure, or tightness in the chest. It can also radiate to the shoulders, arms, jaw, neck, or back.
• Shortness of breath: This can occur at rest or during exertion.
• Pain in the arm, jaw, or shoulder: This pain can sometimes be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn.
• Fatigue: This can be a general feeling of tiredness or lack of energy and is occasionally a non-specific sign of heart problems.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness: This can be a sign that the heart is not pumping blood effectively to the brain.
• Sweating: This can be a sign of a heart attack, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms.
• Swollen legs or ankles: This can be a sign of heart failure, a condition in which the heart is not able to pump blood effectively. The blood instead starts to pool.

Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Men

There are several factors that can raise a man’s risk of heart disease. Some of the most typical ones include:

• Age: As men get older, their risk of heart disease increases (1).
• High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the heart and blood vessels.
• High cholesterol: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the buildup of plaque in the arteries.
• Diabetes: Diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, and nerves.
• Overweight and obesity: Carrying excess weight can put a strain on the heart.
• Smoking: Smoking damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
• Physical inactivity: A lack of exercise can increase the risk of heart disease.
• Unhealthy diet: A diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar can increase the risk of heart disease.
• Stress: Chronic stress can increase blood pressure and damage the heart (2).
• Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes breathing to stop and start during sleep (3).

Ways to Take Care of Your Heart

The good news is that there are many ways to reduce their risk of heart disease and live a longer, healthier life:

• Maintain a healthy weight: Losing even a small amount of weight can improve heart health for overweight or obese individuals.
• Eat a healthy diet: Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar. Focus on plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Get regular exercise: The American Heart Association recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week (4).
• Quit smoking: Smoking is one of the leading causes of heart disease. The best thing you can do for your heart health is to stop smoking.
• Manage stress: Find healthy ways to cope with stress, such as exercise, relaxation techniques, or spending time with loved ones.
• Control your blood pressure: Have your blood pressure checked regularly and take medication as prescribed by your doctor.
• Control your cholesterol: Have your cholesterol levels checked regularly and take medication as prescribed by your doctor
• Get regular checkups: Schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor your blood pressure, cholesterol, and other risk factors for heart disease. Your heart health can be considerably improved by early detection and treatment.
• Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase your risk of heart disease. The Ministry of Health Singapore recommends that men limit their alcohol intake to two standard drinks per day (5).
• Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Sleep deprivation can be detrimental to your overall health and has been found to increase your risk of heart disease (6).
• Manage diabetes: If you have diabetes, it is important to manage your blood sugar levels carefully to reduce your risk of heart disease.
• See a doctor if you experience any symptoms: Don’t ignore any symptoms of heart disease and consult a doctor right away if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a big difference in your health outcome.

Heart disease is a serious health condition, but it is preventable. By making healthy lifestyle choices and managing your risk factors, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing heart disease. Don’t wait till you have a heart attack to take action. Start taking care of your heart today!

References

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22499900/
2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-3712-0_9
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208620/
4. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults
5. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/alcohol-recommended-limits-and-public-education
6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29206050/

Men Health Conditions

In our fast-paced lifestyle, it causes us to often neglect our health. But staying informed is essential! Here are some health conditions every man should watch out for.

1. Heart Disease

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death among men.In Singapore, it is the second leading cause of death among men, accounting for 19.7% of total male deaths in 2022 (1)^. Factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking significantly increase your risk.

Maintaining heart health involves:

• Regular exercise with cardio activities such as brisk walking, jogging or cycling
• A balanced diet with less sugar and salt intake, more leafy greens and healthy fats.
• Routine check-ups

Early detection is key to mitigating these risks! Being proactive can help you live a longer, more energetic life and have a healthy heart.

2. Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. From 2017 to 2021, there were 6,912 reported cases of prostate cancer, accounting for 16.8% of all male cancer cases (2). It’s vital to understand the symptoms, which include difficulty urinating, blood in urine, and pelvic discomfort.

To stay proactive:

• Schedule annual screenings for a comprehensive health check
• Staying informed about your family history

These steps can significantly increase early detection and successful treatment rates. If you face any discomfort or symptoms, seek help from your healthcare provider immediately.

3. Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is on the rise, affecting millions of men worldwide. About one in 10 (9.5%) of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years had diabetes mellitus during the period 2019-2020. A higher proportion of males (10.6%) were diabetic compared to females (8.4%) (3).

 It’s essential to watch for symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.

Managing and preventing diabetes involves:

• Having a proper diet to adopt a healthy lifestyle
• Include regular exercise to your daily routine, like taking the stairs or doing household chores

By consistently following your health plan, individuals can effectively prevent or better manage this condition.

Taking proactive steps towards a healthier lifestyle can make a significant difference. Stay informed, get regular check-ups, and don’t ignore symptoms. Addressing these health concerns early can lead to better outcomes and a higher quality of life.

References

1. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/default-document-library/nphs-2020-survey-report.pdf
2. Cancer Statistics (nccs.com.sg)
3. Singapore Health Facts: Principal Causes of Death

Menopause

We are delving into a topic that affects countless woman: menopause. A prevalent concern and a condition that women frequently seek help for. Here are the common symptoms that women face, but not limited to:

• Hot flashes
• Sweating
• Sleep disturbances
• Mood issues
• Skin dryness
• Vaginal dryness
• Sexual issues
• Urinary complaints
• Other systems in your body like one’s bone health (e.g. osteoporosis) 

Natural menopause, which is defined as the menstrual cycle permanently ceasing (diagnosed after 12 months¹), is a normal and physiological aspect of aging in women. It also signifies the end of their ability to reproduce. It typically occurs when a woman is around the age of 50², this phase of life is characterised by a decline in the body’s production of hormones such as progesterone and estrogen, which can impact woman in different various ways such as the symptoms mentioned above.

That being said, perimenopausal (before/after menopause) and menopausal symptoms can vary widely among individuals. The treatment and management of menopause are usually holistic and based on the severity of the symptoms. There are various treatment options available, so we recommend consulting your healthcare provider for further guidance.

Disclaimer:
All content in this publication is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute any form of medical advice or clinical care nor is it intended to be a substitute for professional medical care. Please speak to your healthcare provider if you have any questions pertaining to your healthcare.

1) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/264088-overview

2) https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/menopause